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The ''Calumet'', also commonly called the ''Valpo Local'', was a passenger train route operated by Amtrak between Chicago and Valparaiso, Indiana.〔 Despite Amtrak's mandate to provide only intercity service, the ''Calumet'' was a commuter train. Transferred from Conrail in 1979, the full route was shared with Amtrak's ''Broadway Limited'' until 1990; the ''Calumet'' was discontinued the next year. ==History== The service first ran August 30, 1869, called the Chicago–Valparaiso Accommodation, though usually colloquially referred to as the "Valpo Local" or "The Dummy",〔Christopher T. Baer, (PRR Chronology - 1869 ) (PDF)〕 by the Pennsylvania Railroad on its Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway, its main line from Pittsburgh west to Chicago. From April 1, 1871 until January 1, 1920, the Pennsylvania Company operated the line.〔Interstate Commerce Commission, (Corporate Genealogy - Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago )〕 After that it returned to direct operation by the Pennsylvania Railroad until February 1, 1968, when the PRR was merged into Penn Central Transportation. By that point, the route operated as a rush-hour commuter service, with two trains traveling from Valparaiso to Chicago at 5:55 AM and 6:35 AM and two trains returning from Chicago to Valparaiso at 5:00 PM and 5:40 PM With the May 1, 1971 startup of Amtrak, all Penn Central intercity trains were taken over by Amtrak, but Penn Central continued to run commuter trains in several metropolitan areas, including the Valpo Local. The bankrupt Penn Central merged into Conrail on April 1, 1976, which continued operations until 1979, at which point Amtrak took over.〔(Chicago Commuter Equipment from the Recent Past )〕 The route was also served by the daily ''Broadway Limited'' to New York City, and on October 1, 1981 the daily ''Capitol Limited'' to Washington, DC began using it. At first the Valpo Local was served by two daily trains, the ''Calumet'' and the ''Indiana Connection''; the ''Indiana Connection'' was discontinued first. Due to Conrail's desire to abandon part of the former PRR main line, the ''Broadway Limited'' and ''Capitol Limited'' were rerouted respectively onto the former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and New York Central Railroad lines on November 11, 1990, leaving about half of the ''Calumet'' route with no other service.〔Mike Schafer, Amtrak's atlas, ''Trains'' June 1991〕 Amtrak announced that it would discontinue the ''Calumet'' on December 31.〔Peter J. Visclosky, (Keep Commuter Rail on Track ) (September 18, 1990)〕 Representative Peter J. Visclosky introduced (H.R. 5660 ) to require Amtrak to continue operations until July 1, 1991 to allow time for the State of Indiana to consider subsidizing the route. The date was changed to May 6 and the mandate was included in (S. 3012 ), an amendment to the Independent Safety Board Act of 1974, signed into law November 28, 1990 by George H. W. Bush as Public Law No. 101-641. Indiana decided not to pay the required $1.5 million a year,〔''The Times'', ($1.5 million annually needed to keep Valpo-Chicago Amtrak ), November 22, 1990〕 and the weekday-only ''Calumet'' last ran Friday, May 3, 1991.〔Arrivals and Departures, ''Trains'' July 1991〕 Commuter service from Chicago into northern Indiana is still provided by the South Shore Line, operated by the Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District over its own alignment, whose closest stop is 15 miles from Valparaiso, closer to Lake Michigan. Valparaiso residents can reach it using the Orange Line route, but it only operates Friday–Sunday. They can also take ChicaGo Dash express bus to Chicago during weekday rush hours. The Valparaiso stop is located in Franklin House, near the location of the now-demolished Valpo Local station. On August 1, 2004 the Chicago, Fort Wayne and Eastern Railroad started freight operations over the old route of the ''Calumet'' and beyond. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calumet (train)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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